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ここではsREDを使った研究論文等についてご紹介します。

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参考文献1. 

Swallow strength training exercise for elderly: A health maintenance need

Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018

Dilpesh Agrawal, Mark Kern, Francis Edeani Gokulakrishnan Balasubramanian, Allison Hyngstrom, Patrick Sanvanson, and Reza Shaker

 

Swallow resistance exercise group- After the device was strapped around the neck overlying the laryngeal cartilage, externally applied pressure was induced by adding air to the device bag and maintained at the desired pressure by means of the pressure gauge included in the device. Volunteers were asked to always follow a thrice-daily exercise regimen. During the first two weeks, the exercise regimen consisted of 30 saliva swallows at 15 seconds’interval against minimal resistance of 20 mm Hg applied by pharyngeal exerciser. The external resistance was increased at the end of 2 weeks from 20 to 30 mmHg and subsequently from 30 to 40 mmHg in the last 2 weeks.

 

Figure 4. For the eighteen subjects who had both manometry and fluoroscopic studies, there was significant increase in average pharyngeal contractile integral after six weeks of exercise compared to pre-exercise values (* p<0.05). Bars represent mean values and error bars represent standard error.

 

収縮力増大の確認：6 週間練習後の咽頭収縮積分は有意に増加した

 

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参考文献2. 

Effects of laryngeal restriction on pharyngeal peristalsis and biomechanics: Clinical implications

Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016

Reza Shaker, Patrick Sanvanson, Gokulakrishnan Balasubramanian, Mark Kern, Ashley Wuerl, and Allison Hyngstrom

 

Experimental protocol- All subjects were seated in an upright position for the duration of the study. The subjects were verbally cued to perform 40 consecutive swallows of 0.5 ml room temperature water while wearing the swallow resistance exercise device (sRED) at 40 mmHg pressure during high-resolution manometry (HRM).

Figure 3. Effect of resistive load induced by sRED on pharyngeal contractile integral during 40 consecutive swallows of 0.5 ml water. As seen, swallows against resistive load resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in pharyngeal contractile integral (PhCI) shown in the top. Similar reduction was not seen when participants swallowed without the resistive load shown in the bottom.

十分な疲労現象の確認：咽頭収縮積分は抵抗負荷の連続嚥下によって有意に低減、抵抗負荷なしでは低減しなかった

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参考文献３．

A human model of restricted upper esophageal sphincter opening and its pharyngeal and 
UES deglutitive pressure phenomena

Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2016

Hongmei Jiao, Ling Mei, Tarun Sharma, Mark Kern, Patrick Sanvansonm Reza Shaker

To induce UES restriction, we used a handmade device that with adjustment could selectively apply 0, 20, 30, or 40 mmHg pressure perpendicularly to the cricoid cartilage. Deglutitive pharyngeal and UES pressure phenomena were determined during dry and 5- and 10-ml water swallows × 3 for each of the UES perturbations. 
Acute experimental restriction of UES opening by external cricoid pressure manifests the pressure characteristics of increased resistance to UES trans-sphincteric flow observed clinically without affecting the pharyngeal peristaltic
contractile function.

 

外表からの輪状軟骨の圧迫がUESの開大を制限し、食塊の通過抵抗を高めることを確認：
UES弛緩時最下圧上昇・食塊内圧上昇・UES開大時間増加