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Here we will introduce research papers and other materials that use sRED.

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References 1.

Swallow strength training exercise for elderly: A health maintenance need

Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018

Dilpesh Agrawal, Mark Kern, Francis Edeani Gokulakrishnan Balasubramanian, Allison Hyngstrom, Patrick Sanvanson, and Reza Shaker

Swallow resistance exercise group- After the device was strapped around the neck overlying the laryngeal cartilage, externally applied pressure was induced by adding air to the device bag and maintained at the desired pressure by means of the pressure gauge included in the device. Volunteers were asked to always follow a thrice-daily exercise regimen. During the first two weeks, the exercise regimen attached of 30 saliva swallows at 15 seconds'interval against minimal resistance of 20 mm Hg applied by pharyngeal exerciser. The external resistance was increased at the end of 2 weeks from 20 to 30 mmHg and subsequently from 30 to 40 mmHg in the last 2 weeks.

Figure 4. For the eighteen subjects who had both manometry and fluoroscopic studies, there was significant increase in average pharyngeal contractile integral after six weeks of exercise compared to pre-exercise values ​​(* p<0.05). Bars represent mean values ​​and error bars represent standard error.

 

Confirmation of increase in contraction force: Pharyngeal contraction integral significantly increased after 6 weeks of training.

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References 2.

Effects of laryngeal restriction on pharyngeal peristalsis and biomechanics: Clinical implications

Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016

Reza Shaker, Patrick Sanvanson, Gokulakrishnan Balasubramanian, Mark Kern, Ashley Wuerl, and Allison Hyngstrom

Experimental protocol- All subjects were seated in an upright position for the duration of the study. The subjects were verbally cued to perform 40 consecutive swallows of 0.5 ml room temperature water while wearing the swallow resistance exercise device (sRED) at 40 mmHg pressure during high-resolution manometry (HRM).

Figure 3. Effect of resistive load induced by sRED on pharyngeal contractile integral during 40 consecutive swallows of 0.5 ml water. As seen, swallows against resistive load resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in pharyngeal contractile integral (PhCI) shown in the top. Similar reduction was not seen when participants swallowed without the resistive load shown in the bottom.

Confirmation of sufficient fatigue phenomenon: pharyngeal contraction integral was significantly reduced by successive swallows with resistive load, but not without resistive load